Marketing and Britannia Essay

The story of one of India’s favorite brands reads almost like a fairy tale. Once upon a time, in 1892 to be precise, a biscuit company was started in a nondescript house in Calcutta (now Kolkata) with an initial investment of Rs. 295. The company we all know as Britannia today. The beginnings might have been humble-the dreams were anything but. By 1910, with the advent of electricity, Britannia mechanized its operations, and in 1921, it became the first company east of the Suez Canal to use imported gas ovens. Britannia’s business was flourishing. But, more importantly, Britannia was acquiring a reputation for quality and value. As a result, during the tragic World War II, the Government reposed its trust in Britannia by contracting it to supply large quantities of â€Å"service biscuits† to the armed forces. As time moved on, the biscuit market continued to grow†¦ and Britannia grew along with it. In 1975, the Britannia Biscuit Company took over the distribution of biscuits from Parry’s who till now distributed Britannia biscuits in India. In the subsequent public issue of 1978, Indian shareholding crossed 60%, firmly establishing the Indianness of the firm. The following year, Britannia Biscuit Company was re-christened Britannia Industries Limited (BIL). Four years later in 1983, it crossed the Rs. 100 crores revenue mark. On the operations front, the company was making equally dynamic strides. In 1992, it celebrated its Platinum Jubilee. In 1997, the company unveiled its new corporate identity – â€Å"Eat Healthy, Think Better† – and made its first foray into the dairy products market. In 1999, the â€Å"Britannia Khao, World Cup Jao† promotion further fortified the affinity consumers had with ‘Brand Britannia’. Britannia strode into the 21st Century as one of India’s biggest brands and the pre-eminent food brand of the country. It was equally recognized for its innovative approach to products and marketing: the Lagaan Match was voted India’s most successful promotional activity of the year 2001 while the delicious Britannia 50-50 Maska-Chaska became India’s most successful product launch. In 2002, Britannia’s New Business Division formed a joint venture with Fonterra, the world’s second largest Dairy Company, and Britannia New Zealand Foods Pvt. Ltd. was born. In recognition of its vision and accelerating graph, Forbes Global rated Britannia ‘One amongst the Top 200 Small Companies of the World’, and The Economic Times pegged Britannia India’s 2nd Most Trusted Brand. Today, more than a century after those tentative first steps, Britannia’s fairy tale is not only going strong but blazing new standards, and that miniscule initial investment has grown by leaps and bounds to crores of rupees in wealth for Britannia’s shareholders. The company’s offerings are spread across the spectrum with products ranging from the healthy and economical Tiger biscuits to the more lifestyle-oriented Milkman Cheese. This is because NutriChoice SugarOut is sweetened with â€Å"Sucralose,† derived from sugar, which provides the same sweetness as any other biscuit, without the added calories of sugar. This range is available in 3 delicious variants namely Lifetime, Chocolate cream, and Orange cream, targeted towards all health sensitive people. It is also relevant for consumers with sugar related ailments. Customers are pleasantly delighted with its great taste and equally surprised to know that it has no added sugar. Don’t be taken for a ride when you read â€Å"Sugar Free† label on many biscuit packs marketed in India or abroad. Even with 100% no-added sugar, wheat-cereals in biscuits have their own natural sugar content. Britannia has chosen to represent these biscuits with â€Å"No Added Sugar† claim, as there is no added sugar in the processing of NutriChoice SugarOut. Britannia 50-50 Pepper Chakkar The launch of the latest 50-50 variant left everybody guessing â€Å"What it eez? † From TV ads, radio, outdoor and in-store display materials to events, a website and SMS and email blasts, traditional and new media were blended synergistically to create excitement and curiosity about the unique taste of the biscuit. The tangy and distinctive pepper flavoured biscuit, that’s thin and crispy and more like a snack, caught the imagination of a younger audience craving something to nibble on. The 50-50 Pepper Chakkar launch is truly a case of leveraging the marketing mix to best advantage. Biscuits derive its name from a French word meaning twice backed bread; Biscuits in general have a good shelf life, which is higher than all other snack items available in the market. India is the second largest producer of biscuits in the world after the U. S. A. but still the per capita consumption is only 2. kg/year of developed countries. As per the latest survey done by N. C. A. E. R. , 49 biscuits are consumed in rural areas. The penetration of biscuits into households stands at an average of 83. 2% with the rural penetration at 77% and urban penetration at 88%. Biscuits are reserved for the small scale sector but there are strong possibilities of the industry being deserved in line with the government policy of liberalization. The net effect thus would be greater choice for the consumer as well as a check on the costs. The country production of the biscuits during 2004-05 was 18. Lac tons of which 1/2 were manufactured by the organized sector. The industry turn over was 5322. 7 Crores of which organized sector contributed 2519. 3 crores. Britannia, makers of Britannia biscuits, doubled capacity from 25 tonnes a day to 50 tonnes and plans to be a national brand soon. In an aggressive mode, the North dominated biscuit player has increased its ad budget to Rs. 5 crore this year from Rs. 3 crore last year. Britannia has also recently invested about Rs. 5 crore in the modernization and expansion of its production and packing its production capacity of 40 tonnes per day to 100 tonnes per day by next year. The aim: to take the current turnover of Rs. 50 crore to Rs. 100 crore by the year. The low priced brand claims to have a 15 per cent market share in the North and is aggressively eyeing a bigger bite of the Rs. 2,500 crore biscuit industries. The brand plans to gain a 40 per cent market share in the North by the year of. The company’s strategy has been to attract new consumer segments and widen its consumer base with its well packaged low priced offerings. Britannia’s success has also come from its formidable. The applicability of various branding strategies play crucial role in arketing in product. the applicability has grown due to the liberalization, competition and technological changes taking place in corporate world. In this project the various branding strategies adopted by the company has been studied and compared on the basis of current market scenario. It gives the idea about the market share enjoyed by the different companies in the Biscuit Industry. It provides the adequate coverage of many issues related to biscuit industry. The objective of this report is to give the market share of Britannia biscuits in the Indian capital (New Delhi). It has been made possible by knowing the consumer’s behaviour and by studying the patterns adopted by the retailers. It gives us very precise view about the existing demand of Britannia biscuits and demand of their products as compared to other competitors. It also highlights the changing market trends and consumer preferences, why they have shifted from finally pack to pouch pack. The annual growth rate of the industry is about 12. 5%. However, the growth of cream biscuits, assorted or special variety is the range of 30-40%. The organized sector consists of large, medium and small scale biscuit manufacturers who produce packed biscuits. The major players in this sector are Britannia, Bakeman’s, and Parle, etc. the unorganized sector comprises of small bakery units, cottage and household type manufacturing plants. These units distribute their biscuits in the surrounding vicinity of their manufacturing locations of say 20-50 kms. The country production of biscuits during 2005-06 is estimated to be about 19. 5 lack tons. Out of which 1/2 again is expected from unorganized sector.

Ch 2 Solution

CHAPTER 2 Mechanics of Futures Markets Practice Questions Problem 2. 8. The party with a short position in a futures contract sometimes has options as to the precise asset that will be delivered, where delivery will take place, when delivery will take place, and so on. Do these options increase or decrease the futures price? Explain your reasoning. These options make the contract less attractive to the party with the long position and more attractive to the party with the short position. They therefore tend to reduce the futures price. Problem 2. 9. What are the most important aspects of the design of a new futures contract?The most important aspects of the design of a new futures contract are the specification of the underlying asset, the size of the contract, the delivery arrangements, and the delivery months. Problem 2. 10. Explain how margins protect investors against the possibility of default. A margin is a sum of money deposited by an investor with his or her broker. It acts a s a guarantee that the investor can cover any losses on the futures contract. The balance in the margin account is adjusted daily to reflect gains and losses on the futures contract. If losses are above a certain level, the investor is required to deposit a further margin.This system makes it unlikely that the investor will default. A similar system of margins makes it unlikely that the investor’s broker will default on the contract it has with the clearinghouse member and unlikely that the clearinghouse member will default with the clearinghouse. Problem 2. 11. A trader buys two July futures contracts on frozen orange juice. Each contract is for the delivery of 15,000 pounds. The current futures price is 160 cents per pound, the initial margin is $6,000 per contract, and the maintenance margin is $4,500 per contract. What price change would lead to a margin call?Under what circumstances could $2,000 be withdrawn from the margin account? There is a margin call if more than $1 ,500 is lost on one contract. This happens if the futures price of frozen orange juice falls by more than 10 cents to below 150 cents per lb. $2,000 can be withdrawn from the margin account if there is a gain on one contract of $1,000. This will happen if the futures price rises by 6. 67 cents to 166. 67 cents per lb. Problem 2. 12. Show that, if the futures price of a commodity is greater than the spot price during the delivery period, then there is an arbitrage opportunity.Does an arbitrage opportunity exist if the futures price is less than the spot price? Explain your answer. If the futures price is greater than the spot price during the delivery period, an arbitrageur buys the asset, shorts a futures contract, and makes delivery for an immediate profit. If the futures price is less than the spot price during the delivery period, there is no similar perfect arbitrage strategy. An arbitrageur can take a long futures position but cannot force immediate delivery of the asset. The d ecision on when delivery will be made is made by the party with the short position.Nevertheless companies interested in acquiring the asset will find it attractive to enter into a long futures contract and wait for delivery to be made. Problem 2. 13. Explain the difference between a market-if-touched order and a stop order. A market-if-touched order is executed at the best available price after a trade occurs at a specified price or at a price more favorable than the specified price. A stop order is executed at the best available price after there is a bid or offer at the specified price or at a price less favorable than the specified price. Problem 2. 14. Explain what a stop-limit order to sell at 20. 0 with a limit of 20. 10 means. A stop-limit order to sell at 20. 30 with a limit of 20. 10 means that as soon as there is a bid at 20. 30 the contract should be sold providing this can be done at 20. 10 or a higher price. Problem 2. 15. At the end of one day a clearinghouse member is long 100 contracts, and the settlement price is $50,000 per contract. The original margin is $2,000 per contract. On the following day the member becomes responsible for clearing an additional 20 long contracts, entered into at a price of $51,000 per contract. The settlement price at the end of this day is $50,200.How much does the member have to add to its margin account with the exchange clearinghouse? The clearinghouse member is required to provide 20 ? $2, 000 = $40, 000 as initial margin for the new contracts. There is a gain of (50,200 ? 50,000) ? 100 = $20,000 on the existing contracts. There is also a loss of (51, 000 ? 50, 200) ? 20 = $16, 000 on the new contracts. The member must therefore add 40, 000 ? 20, 000 + 16, 000 = $36, 000 to the margin account. Problem 2. 16. On July 1, 2010, a Japanese company enters into a forward contract to buy $1 million with yen on January 1, 2011.On September 1, 2010, it enters into a forward contract to sell $1 million on January 1, 2011 . Describe the profit or loss the company will make in dollars as a function of the forward exchange rates on July 1, 2010 and September 1, 2010. Suppose F1 and F2 are the forward exchange rates for the contracts entered into July 1, 2010 and September 1, 2010, and S is the spot rate on January 1, 2011. (All exchange rates are measured as yen per dollar). The payoff from the first contract is (S ? F1 ) million yen and the payoff from the second contract is (F2 ? S ) million yen.The total payoff is therefore ( S ? F1 ) + ( F2 ? S ) = ( F2 ? F1 ) million yen. Problem 2. 17. The forward price on the Swiss franc for delivery in 45 days is quoted as 1. 1000. The futures price for a contract that will be delivered in 45 days is 0. 9000. Explain these two quotes. Which is more favorable for an investor wanting to sell Swiss francs? The 1. 1000 forward quote is the number of Swiss francs per dollar. The 0. 9000 futures quote is the number of dollars per Swiss franc. When quoted in the same way as the futures price the forward price is 1 / 1. 1000 = 0. 091 . The Swiss franc is therefore more valuable in the forward market than in the futures market. The forward market is therefore more attractive for an investor wanting to sell Swiss francs. Problem 2. 18. Suppose you call your broker and issue instructions to sell one July hogs contract. Describe what happens. Hog futures are traded on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. (See Table 2. 2). The broker will request some initial margin. The order will be relayed by telephone to your broker’s trading desk on the floor of the exchange (or to the trading desk of another broker).It will be sent by messenger to a commission broker who will execute the trade according to your instructions. Confirmation of the trade eventually reaches you. If there are adverse movements in the futures price your broker may contact you to request additional margin. Problem 2. 19. â€Å"Speculation in futures markets is pure gambling. It is n ot in the public interest to allow speculators to trade on a futures exchange. † Discuss this viewpoint. Speculators are important market participants because they add liquidity to the market.However, contracts must be useful for hedging as well as speculation. This is because regulators generally only approve contracts when they are likely to be of interest to hedgers as well as speculators. Problem 2. 20. Identify the three commodities whose futures contracts in Table 2. 2 have the highest open interest. Based on the contract months listed, the answer is crude oil, corn, and sugar (world). Problem 2. 21. What do you think would happen if an exchange started trading a contract in which the quality of the underlying asset was incompletely specified?The contract would not be a success. Parties with short positions would hold their contracts until delivery and then deliver the cheapest form of the asset. This might well be viewed by the party with the long position as garbage! O nce news of the quality problem became widely known no one would be prepared to buy the contract. This shows that futures contracts are feasible only when there are rigorous standards within an industry for defining the quality of the asset. Many futures contracts have in practice failed because of the problem of defining quality.Problem 2. 22. â€Å"When a futures contract is traded on the floor of the exchange, it may be the case that the open interest increases by one, stays the same, or decreases by one. † Explain this statement. If both sides of the transaction are entering into a new contract, the open interest increases by one. If both sides of the transaction are closing out existing positions, the open interest decreases by one. If one party is entering into a new contract while the other party is closing out an existing position, the open interest stays the same. Problem 2. 23.Suppose that on October 24, 2010, you take a short position in an April 2011 live-cattle f utures contract. You close out your position on January 21, 2011. The futures price (per pound) is 91. 20 cents when you enter into the contract, 88. 30 cents when you close out your position, and 88. 80 cents at the end of December 2010. One contract is for the delivery of 40,000 pounds of cattle. What is your total profit? How is it taxed if you are (a) a hedger and (b) a speculator? Assume that you have a December 31 year end. The total profit is 40, 000 ? (0. 9120 ? 0. 8830) = $1,160 If you are a hedger this is all taxed in 2011.If you are a speculator 40, 000 ? (0. 9120 ? 0. 8880) = $960 is taxed in 2010 and 40, 000 ? (0. 8880 ? 0. 8830) = $200 is taxed in 2011. Further Questions Problem 2. 24 Trader A enters into futures contracts to buy 1 million euros for 1. 4 million dollars in three months. Trader B enters in a forward contract to do the same thing. The exchange (dollars per euro) declines sharply during the first two months and then increases for the third month to close at 1. 4300. Ignoring daily settlement, what is the total profit of each trader? When the impact of daily settlement is taken into account, which trader does better?The total profit of each trader in dollars is 0. 03? 1,000,000 = 30,000. Trader B’s profit is realized at the end of the three months. Trader A’s profit is realized day-by-day during the three months. Substantial losses are made during the first two months and profits are made during the final month. It is likely that Trader B has done better because Trader A had to finance its losses during the first two months. Problem 2. 25 Explain what is meant by open interest. Why does the open interest usually decline during the month preceding the delivery month?On a particular day there are 2,000 trades in a particular futures contract. Of the 2,000 traders on the long side of the market, 1,400 were closing out position and 600 were entering into new positions. Of the 2,000 traders on the short side of the market, 1 ,200 were closing out position and 800 were entering into new positions. What is the impact of the day's trading on open interest? Open interest is the number of contract outstanding. Many traders close out their positions just before the delivery month is reached. This is why the open interest declines during the month preceding the delivery month.The open interest went down by 600. We can see this in two ways. First, 1,400 shorts closed out and there were 800 new shorts. Second, 1,200 longs closed out and there were 600 new longs. Problem 2. 26 One orange juice future contract is on 15,000 pounds of frozen concentrate. Suppose that in September 2009 a company sells a March 2011 orange juice futures contract for 120 cents per pound. In December 2009 the futures price is 140 cents. In December 2010 the futures price is 110 cents. In February 2011 the futures price is 125 cents. The company has a December year end.What is the company's profit or loss on the contract? How is it realiz ed? What is the accounting and tax treatment of the transaction is the company is classified as a) a hedger and b) a speculator? The price goes up during the time the company holds the contract from 120 to 125 cents per pound. Overall the company therefore takes a loss of 15,000? 0. 05 = $750. If the company is classified as a hedger this loss is realized in 2011, If it is classified as a speculator it realizes a loss of 15,000? 0. 20 = $3000 in 2009, a gain of 15,000? 0. 30 = $4,500 in 2010 and a loss of 15,000? 0. 5 = $2,250 in 2011. Problem 2. 27. A company enters into a short futures contract to sell 5,000 bushels of wheat for 250 cents per bushel. The initial margin is $3,000 and the maintenance margin is $2,000. What price change would lead to a margin call? Under what circumstances could $1,500 be withdrawn from the margin account? There is a margin call if $1000 is lost on the contract. This will happen if the price of wheat futures rises by 20 cents from 250 cents to 270 ce nts per bushel. $1500 can be withdrawn if the futures price falls by 30 cents to 220 cents per bushel. Problem 2. 28.Suppose that there are no storage costs for crude oil and the interest rate for borrowing or lending is 5% per annum. How could you make money on August 4, 2009 by trading December 2009 and June 2010 contracts on crude oil? Use Table 2. 2. The December 2009 settlement price for oil is $75. 62 per barrel. The June 2010 settlement price for oil is $79. 41 per barrel. You could go long one December 2009 oil contract and short one June 2010 contract. In December 2009 you take delivery of the oil borrowing $75. 62 per barrel at 5% to meet cash outflows. The interest accumulated in six months is about 75. 2? 0. 05? 0. 5 or $1. 89. In December the oil is sold for $79. 41 per barrel which is more than the amount that has to be repaid on the loan. The strategy therefore leads to a profit. Note that this profit is independent of the actual price of oil in June 2010 or December 2009. It will be slightly affected by the daily settlement procedures. Problem 2. 29. What position is equivalent to a long forward contract to buy an asset at K on a certain date and a put option to sell it for K on that date? The equivalent position is a long position in a call with strike price K . Problem 2. 30. Excel file) The author’s Web page (www. rotman. utoronto. ca/~hull/data) contains daily closing prices for the December 2001 crude oil futures contract and the December 2001 gold futures contract. (Both contracts are traded on NYMEX. ) You are required to download the data and answer the following: a) How high do the maintenance margin levels for oil and gold have to be set so that there is a 1% chance that an investor with a balance slightly above the maintenance margin level on a particular day has a negative balance two days later (i. e. one day after a margin call). How high do they have to be for a 0. 1% chance.Assume daily price changes are normally distribu ted with mean zero. b) Imagine an investor who starts with a long position in the oil contract at the beginning of the period covered by the data and keeps the contract for the whole of the period of time covered by the data. Margin balances in excess of the initial margin are withdrawn. Use the maintenance margin you calculated in part (a) for a 1% risk level and assume that the maintenance margin is 75% of the initial margin. Calculate the number of margin calls and the number of times the investor has a negative margin balance and therefore an incentive to walk away.Assume that all margin calls are met in your calculations. Repeat the calculations for an investor who starts with a short position in the gold contract. The data for this problem in the 7th edition is different from that in the 6th edition. a) For gold the standard deviation of daily changes is $15. 184 per ounce or $1518. 4 per contract. For a 1% risk this means that the maintenance margin should be set at 1518 . 4 ? 2 ? 2. 3263 or 4996 when rounded. For a 0. 1% risk the maintenance margin should be set at 1518 . 4 ? 2 ? 3. 0902 or 6636 when rounded. For crude oil the standard deviation of daily changes is $1. 777 per barrel or $1577. 7 per contract. For a 1% risk, this means that the maintenance margin should be set at 1577 . 7 ? 2 ? 2. 3263 or 5191 when rounded. For a 0. 1% chance the maintenance margin should be set at 1577 . 7 ? 2 ? 3. 0902 or 6895 when rounded. NYMEX might be interested in these calculations because they indicate the chance of a trader who is just above the maintenance margin level at the beginning of the period having a negative margin level before funds have to be submitted to the broker. b) For a 1% risk the initial margin is set at 6,921 for on crude oil. This is the maintenance margin of 5,191 divided by 0. 75. ) As the spreadsheet shows, for a long investor in oil there are 157 margin calls and 9 times (out of 1039 days) where the investor is tempted to walk away. F or a 1% risk the initial margin is set at 6,661 for gold. (This is 4,996 divided by 0. 75. ) As the spreadsheet shows, for a short investor in gold there are 81 margin calls and 4 times (out of 459 days) when the investor is tempted to walk away. When the 0. 1% risk level is used there is 1 time when the oil investor might walk away and 2 times when the gold investor might do so.

Religion, Gender, And Sexuality - 966 Words

â€Å"Get comfortable being uncomfortable. That s how you break the plateau and reach that next level.† That quote was from Chalene Johnson, and I thought it fit well when describing the first outside religion event I went to. The event I chose to attend was called Religion, Gender, and Sexuality in the Multifaith Alliance room at Hamline University. It was something that was challenging for me and that s why i’ll be explaining what the event was, the content of the event and what I learned from it, and how this event related to what we have been talking about in class. The event was a big discussion with people of all different faiths. It was led by a girl named Kayla that is a sophomore at Hamline. She had a long list of discussions questions for the group to talk about. The way she started off the discussion was by having us introduce ourselves, and what religion we belonged to. This was a eye opener because there wasn t a lot of Christians like I’m accustomed to. It also helped me as a person because we talk about different religions in class, but we don’t actually have someone there that is practicing a different faith. This was a major reason why I thought this discussion event would be beneficial for me to attend. The purpose of the event was to get us out our comfort zone, and get us in a situation that isn’t very normal. The discussion did a great job because I was actually part of a minority group for once. There were people that were Muslim, christians,Show MoreRelatedGender, Sexuality, Race, And Religion Essay2485 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction UC Berkeley students are diverse in their age, gender, sexuality, race, and religion. As a result, their aspirations for their career and family life can differ on a person-to-person basis. In her study, Gerson interviewed 120 individuals, averaging an age of 24, and found that the majority of both men and women sought an egalitarian relationship. However, as a fallback plan, women turned to a model of self-reliance while men returned to neo-traditional ideas (2010). Because the majorityRead MoreSocio-Cultural Influences On Sexuality. Socio-Cultural1156 Words   |  5 PagesSocio-Cultural Influences on Sexuality Socio-cultural influence plays a major role in sexual behaviors. It gives a better comprehension on why men are men and women are women. These socio-cultural are influenced by physical, emotional, cultural and economic aspects. Time and time again research has proven that socio-cultural influences have a significant role in human sexuality. Culture is the manner of life of the people. Thus, culture shapes the ideas of what behaviors are acceptable for men andRead MoreAn Individual’S Sexual Curiosity In And Enticement To Other1095 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuals; having stimulating feelings and experiences, speak to human sexuality. Different from sexuality, biological sex is classified through genetics, anatomy, hormones and physiology; female or male. An individual s intelligence of their own gender refers to gender identity or sociocultural classification, which is also set apart from sexuality; however, it is constructed on biological sex and shapes sexual orientation. Sexuality is practiced and displayed in several ways that include opinionsRead MoreCultural Practices Influence The Way We Perceive The World1682 Words   |  7 Pagesbeyond us work. A major issue that is affected by culture is sexuality. A subtopic of sexuality is, slut shaming. Slut shaming is, â€Å"the act of making any person feel guilty or inferior for certain sexual behaviors or desires that deviate from traditional or orthodox gender expectations,† (Your Dictionary). My outside source, â€Å"Teen girls’ sexual double standards and sexting: Gendered value in digital image exchange,† explains the prominent gender inequalities and sexual double standards. However, the issueRead MoreReligion And Religion Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesRe ligion is universal. Although people may have different ideologies and practices, everyone believes in something, whether they deem it their religion or not. In this way, religion is a powerful connection between all of humanity; thus, it is important to understand the people behind religion and how their unique characteristics correlates with and influences religion—whether that be their social class, ethnicity, gender, or politics. However, ethnicity and gender, along with the closely linkedRead MoreReligion, Religion And Religion Essay1690 Words   |  7 PagesIn Western society, religion plays a vital role in maintaining traditionalism. For instance, growing up as a Christian, I was taught that God loves everyone and forgives us of our sins, but he also condemns homosexuality and gives the consequence for such a lifestyle. Leviticus 20:13 mentions that â€Å"If a man lies with a male as he lies with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination. They shall surely be put to death. Their blood {shall be} upon them†. Basically, I believe that the BibleRead MoreEssay about Gender Issues in Religion1633 Words   |  7 PagesGender Issues in Religion Amongst the world religions are many different attitudes towards gender issues and sexuality. A hundred years ago, or even a lot less, these different perspectives did not exist, as they were often considered unimportant, as King noted until recently little attention has been paid to gender differences and their impact on religious teaching and practice.[1] With some religions, their scriptures are considered to be infallible and thereforeRead MoreThe Banning Of Movies On Lgbt, Religion, Laws, And History1532 Words   |  7 Pagesattitudes and views of various cultures towards LGBT, namely religion, laws, and history. Religion has a big influence on the attitudes of certain cultures towards LGBTQ community. The three main religions, Abrahamic religions, Indic religions and Sinic religions, all have different views towards homosexuality for various reasons. Abrahamic religions such as Judaism, Islam, and Christianity, have negative views of homosexuality. Since their religion is based on the teachings of their holy scriptures, mostRead MoreSexuality And Its Effect On Society1306 Words   |  6 Pagesblend to define our essence as individuals. One such component that adds a definitive flavor to our respective recipes is sexuality. The basis in which the term sexuality is defined can appear deceptively simplistic. By a general definition, sexuality is a person’s sexual orientation or preference. Reality, however, has its sly way of skewing the fundamental meaning of human sexuality into a continuum, a spectrum rather, which encompasses aspects beyond just sexual orientation or preference. T his intricateRead MoreSexuality Reflection1221 Words   |  5 PagesI was raised Catholic and the Catholic church believes that sex is for a married couple to produce children and that is the closest thing I learned about sex and sexuality from Kindergarten to middle school. Sexuality almost seemed like something dirty and not in the way of who you liked made you dirty, but it almost seemed shameful to display something that wasn’t modest. School always frowned upon â€Å"PDA† such as hand holding, hugging and kissing in the halls, so I never felt comfortable talking

Use Of Language Through Rhetorical Discourse - 1271 Words

Dad Language through rhetorical discourse does something and something was what I needed to do (Wardle and Downs 348). I’m not one to share my feelings or show much emotion towards people or situations. However, if I were to, I’ll put it in writing, whether it’s a text message or letter, just so I don’t have to show it or say it aloud and I’ve always been this way. It was after my high school graduation and I was all set and ready to go to college after my entire family drowned me in graduation gifts and money. My father was nagging on me every single day to give out thank you notes to all those who were kind enough to give me presents as I went off to the University of Central Florida and live on my own which was two hours away from†¦show more content†¦He lives in Massachusetts and I see him only two times a year. If anyone knows a thing about family, it’s my dad. He grew up with fifteen brothers and sisters who all still live in t he same town as they were born in. He is the most selfless person I’ve ever known. He’s the type of person to give gifts on his own birthday and everyone who knows him, loves him for his unbelievable generosity. However, some of us take it for granted. He is thirteen hundred miles away from me and he is still so involved in my life and sometimes I forget how thankful I should be. He calls me at least three times a day and most of the time I ignore it because I definitely take his care for granted. But he would never show if he was hurt by it. He just calls until I answer. Even though it wasn’t my dad who sent me off to college and nothing really changed in his household, I knew something was hitting him in the heart when he thought of the fact that I was growing up and I was officially a college student living on my own. It was a hard time for him and he was calling me way more than usual. He needed something from me and I wasn’t giving him anything. He d idn’t feel my appreciation and I knew it was my turn to do something about it. Grant-Davie states that a rhetorical situation is when a speaker sees a need to change reality and realizes this change may be effected through

Summary Of Girl By Jamaica Kincaid - 1204 Words

An Analysis of Character Representation in Girl Throughout history women have been an oppressed group of individuals and therefore have had to find ways to satisfy society. Women have at times needed to follow particular guidelines in order to maintain standing in society. Jamaica Kincaid’s in her book â€Å"Girl† conveys a mother and daughter to represent particular social issues during post colonialism. In Girl the daughter serves as a representation of what the mother believes to be society’s ideal woman. Through the stories use of post colonialism and symbolism as well as the stories context, style, and tone, Jamaica Kincaid exemplifies the mother’s ideals for her daughter as a representation of society’s ideals of women at the time. It is quite likely that the author wrote girl to address the ideas of women in this society and give her opinion on these ideas. In â€Å"Girl† Kincaid uses many different techniques to establish the daughter as the mother’s idea of women’s ideal place in society and therefore a representation of women’s place in this society. In one way Kincaid demonstrates this through the stories structure. Kincaid uses multiple semicolons to structure the text as the mothers own emotions and ideas. In the short story Kincaid writes, â€Å"don’t walk bareheaded in the hot sun; cook pumpkin fritters in very hot sweet oil; soak your little cloths right after you take them off†. The structure of multiple semicolons Kincaid chose to use creates a sense of characterShow MoreRelatedSummary Of Girl By Jamaica Kincaid918 Words   |  4 PagesThe Stereotype of Womanhood in â€Å"Girl† What is considered a proper way for a woman to act in general society and who has the correct answer? Jamaica Kincaid’s story â€Å"Girl† is fundamentally an instructional writing where a mother is primarily caring for her daughter’s future. The story is performed in fiction where the child needs to get prepared to confront the world as a woman. Most of the commands the mother gave to her daughter are ambiguous; there is not enough content, however, it can be assumedRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart Essay2168 Words   |  9 PagesCompilation of English Writing, the English Domain comprised of more than a fourth of all the region on the surface of the earth: one in four individuals was a subject of Ruler Victoria. Amid the twentieth century, nations, for example, India, Jamaica, Nigeria, Senegal, Sri Lanka, Canada, and Australia won autonomy from their European colonizers. The writing and workmanship delivered in these nations after freedom turned into the subject of Postcolonial Studies, a region of scholastic fixationRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 PagesLiterature Criticism. Enotes.com. Retrieved 2011-04-21. 23.Jump up ^ Martin Coyle; et al., eds. (1990). Formalism and the Novel: Henry James. Encyclopedia of Literature and Criticism. New York: Routledge Florence. p. 593. 24.Jump up ^ Martin Eden Summary – Jack London – Masterplots II: American Fiction Series, Revised Edition. Enotes.com. Retrieved 2011-04-21. 25.Jump up ^ Geoffrey Nash (1994). Ameen Rihani s The Book of Khalid and the Voice of Thomas Carlyle. New Comparison Journal. Colchester

Fair Work Commission in the making and approving of agreements.

Question: Discuss about the Fair Work Commission in the Making and Approving of Agreements. Answer: The Fair Work Commission (FWC) of Australia was previously known as the Fair Work Australia. It is the industrial relations tribunal from Australia that was established by Fair Work Act in 2009. FWC is an self-governing body and has a power to conduct various functions that involves offering safety net for minimum conditions and minimum wages, making and approving the agreements, handle the applications related to unfair dismissal and regulation of industrial action (Stewart et al., 2014). The commission also carries out the works related to the functions of workplace determinants, business transfer, equal wage, protection in general workplace and rights regarding entry and stand down. The activities of the commission are carried out by the members of the commission that is overlooked by the president with the assistance of the administrative members (Skinner et at., 2014). Enterprise agreements are the collection of agreements that are made at the enterprise level among the employees and employer regarding the conditions and terms and conditions of the employment. The FWC deliver information regarding the procedure of making the enterprise agreements and at the same time evaluate and approve the agreements. They also deal with the dispute that arises regarding the terms of any agreement (Ho et al., 2014). An agreement of the enterprise can take place between two or more than two employees and one or more than one employers along with their selected representatives. In case of Greenfield agreement, the employer bargain with one or more than one employee unions as there are no worker employed. Modern award includes the whole occupation or industry and provide an obligation for minimum working environment and wage rate (Manoharan, Gross Sardeshmukh, 2014). Agreements of particular enterprise can be modified to achieve the requirement of specific enterpri se. The agreements of enterprise generally includes a wide range of subjects like pay rates, working environment, overtime allowance, process for dissolving disputes, wage deduction for any authorised purpose and the consultative system. However, they do not deal with the unlawful content like objectionable and discriminatory terms. There are three types of enterprise agreements based on which the agreements are processed for the approval (Pocock, Charlesworth Chapman, 2013). The types of agreements that are recognized by the FWC are. Agreements related to the Single-enterprise that involves single employer and one or more than one franchisees or employer who cooperates for the requirements of the single enterprise and the employers under this are known as the employers for single interest. Agreements related to the Multi-enterprises that involve two or more than two employers who do not come under the scenario of singe interest employers. Finally, the Greenfield agreements that involve the new enterprises that are established or suggested to be established by one or more owners and where no employees are engaged yet required for the general conduct of the business. These kinds of agreements are either multi-enterprise based or based on single-enterprise. As per the Fair Work Act 2009, the agreements are continued to operate even after the expiry date if they are not terminated or replaced by the commission. Though the provisions related to the previous agreement applied by the Fair Work will continue to be effected for the transitional agreements (Approval process, 2017). If an employer decides to use the agreement for covering the employees of his enterprise, then his agreement must e approved by the FWC before registering and then only the employer and the employees can start working. On the 1st step the employer must work as a bargaining representative. As an owner of the business, he is automatically assigned him in the position of bargaining representative for his own interest. However, he always has the option of choosing someone else in writing for the said position. The employees also are in a position to choose in writing someone else as the bargaining representative who can be appointed among themselves or an organization of employee to which they are related, for instance, the workers union. Once the employees and the employer agree to the conditions and terms involved in the agreement, the bargaining representative can apply to the FWC for the approval of the agreement within 14 days period after making the agreement. In the 2nd step the employer must decide about the inclusion of application. If the employer is the bargaining representative and has decided to lodge the agreement with the FWC, the employer is required to make a declaration and the same is also required to be given by the bargaining representative of the employees. The original copy of the agreement is needed to be signed by both the parties. Three copies of the agreement along with one additional copy is given by the FWC, if the agreement is approved. The documents can be sent through online, e-mail, post or fax. The forms required for the agreement can be found in the official website of the FWC along with the information regarding the completion of the form. The final step is to assess the fulfilment of requirement for the agreement. The FWC after going through the application must assess the the agreement to be assure that the agreement is agreed upon by the employees, it shall not contravene the standards set by the national employment commission, it must pass through the test of better of overall. Further the agreement must take into consideration the interest of the employees and must assure that the approval of the agreement in no way would affect the good faith upon bargaining representative. Moreover, it must meet the minimum requirements regarding the dealing with the outworkers and shift workers and shall not include any unlawful terms. The approval of agreement has an expiry date and is not valid for more than four years from the date of the approval. If the FWC has any query regarding the agreement, it may ask the employer or employees or both, to attend hearing, however, the agreement can be approved without holding any heari ng, if the FWC feels so. The association can take 50 days approximately to approve the agreement, however, the progress regarding the approval can be enquired by dialling 1300-799-675. One the bargaining procedure gets completed and a proposal for the agreement is made, certain specific steps are required to be performed to ensure that the agreement will be approved by FWC. The pre-approval steps that are required to be taken by the employers are to assure that the agreement terms and the impact of those terms are communicated to employees and the communication is made through suitable manner. Further, the approval is required from majority of employees through a vote and it must cover the proposed agreement from both the parties. The vote shall be carried out at least after the expiry of 21 days from the last day of notice given to the employees regarding the representational rights. The employer must take into consideration all the reasonable steps to assure that the employees covered in the initial 7 days period of access, must get the copy of the agreement and any other substance that is incorporated by the agreement reference. An agreement is made when the successful vote is received as follows For agreements related to single-enterprise, favour must be received from a majority of employees who are eligible to cast valid vote. For the agreement related to multi-enterprise, favour must be received from a majority of employees employed at least under one employer who are eligible to cast valid vote. However, if the agreement is not voted for by all the employees, then the content of the agreement must be altered to cover the employees view. Further, for the agreement of Greenfield, the agreement must be signed by the entire employer and the pertinent employees of the company those are covered by the agreement (Roles O'Donnell, 2013). The agreement must cover the terms like, matters related to the relationship among the employer and employees covered by the agreement, operation methodology of the agreement and clause related to the wage deduction for any authorised purpose. However, it shall not cover any unlawful content like any objectionable or discriminatory term, a clause which will enable the employer or employee to opt out from the agreement, a clause that modifies, excludes or includes the application of unjustified dismissal procedure, a clause that is not consistent with the industrial procedures or a clause that grant the remedy or entitlement related to the unjustified dismissal before completion of an employees minimum period of employment. When the commission approves the agreement, it communicates its decision along with the approved agreement and the copies are sent to all the involved parties and the agreement and decision will be published in the official website of Fair Work Commission (Fair Wor k Commission approval for enterprise agreement, 2017). There are various advantages associated with the the process of applying and approving the agreements by the FWC. Through the process of the agreement the employees get securities in the environment they work. Further, the agreement process ensures their rights of payment, wages and protects them from undue deduction of wages. It promotes cooperation, fairness, productivity through collective bargaining and underpinning the bargaining obligations with good faith (McCrystal, 2014). Moreover, the employees and the employers engaged in the in the bargaining work with best practices. The participating parties in the agreements also feel themselves as equal partners in the procedure of negotiation and achieving the common goal of the organization. It assists in achieving more flexible roaster and hours, classification of wider jobs, career opportunities and new trainings, improving the service delivery and improve the procedure for handling the grievances from the employees and resolving the issues regarding the workplace issues (Pekarek Gahan, 2016). The disadvantages with the agreement process are that if the Fair work commission feels that the agreement can be passed without conducting any meetings with the employer and employees, chances are there that the employees may be deprived through passing of the agreements and they will not get any chance for explaining their view. Further, the process may be time consuming if it does not get confirmation from either of the parties. Moreover, it takes much time for getting confirmation through votes. Further, while taking the votes and majority vote is not received from all employers employees, then only the employers employees that includes most favourable vote are only considered. Thus, the employees who are not considered may feel deprived (Shofinita Langrish, 2014). From the above discussion, it can be concluded that the procedures for lodging the employment agreement and getting the approval is easy and simple. However, if the employer is not sure about the sufficiency of the agreement content to be approved, then he may seek for legal advice. Legal advisor can suggest the employer that whether the agreement fulfil the legal requirements of the FWC or not. Reference: Approval process. (2017). FWC Main Site. Retrieved 4 April 2017, from https://www.fwc.gov.au/awards-and-agreements/agreements/approval-process Fair Work Commission approval for enterprise agreement. (2017). LegalVision. Retrieved 4 April 2017, from https://legalvision.com.au/how-does-the-fair-work-commission-approve-an-enterprise-agreement/ Ho, C. K. M., Jackson, T., Harrison, M. T., Eckard, R. J. (2014). Increasing ewe genetic fecundity improves whole-farm production and reduces greenhouse gas emissions intensities: 2. Economic performance.Animal Production Science,54(9), 1248-1253. Manoharan, A., Gross, M. J., Sardeshmukh, S. R. (2014). Identity-conscious vs identity-blind: Hotel managers use of formal and informal diversity management practices.International Journal of Hospitality Management,41, 1-9. McCrystal, S. (2014). Designing Collective Bargaining Frameworks for Self-Employed Workers: Lessons from Australia and Canada.International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations,30(2), 217-242. Pekarek, A., Gahan, P. (2016). Unions and collective bargaining in Australia in 2015.Journal of Industrial Relations, 0022185616636104. Pocock, B., Charlesworth, S., Chapman, J. (2013). Work-family and work-life pressures in Australia: advancing gender equality in good times?.International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy,33(9/10), 594-612. Roles, C., O'Donnell, M. (2013). The Fair Work Act and worker voice in the Australian Public Service.Adel. L. Rev.,34, 93. Shofinita, D., Langrish, T. A. G. (2014). Spray drying of orange peel extracts: Yield, total phenolic content, and economic evaluation.Journal of Food Engineering,139, 31-42. Skinner, N., Elton, J., Auer, J., Pocock, B. (2014). Understanding and managing worklife interaction across the life course: a qualitative study.Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources,52(1), 93-109. Stewart, A. J., Bray, M., Macneil, J., Oxenbridge, S. (2014). 'Promoting cooperative and productive workplace relations': exploring the Fair Work Commission's new role.

The Lamentation Essay Example

The Lamentation Paper Giotto was one of the earliest artists to portray the illusions of real life, in terms of emotion and space on a flat surface. With Cimabue, Giotto is often regarded as the founder on modern painting, as he broke away from the rigid formula that had been the foundation of religious paintings. His painting turned from the flatter, Byzantine style to a more naturalistic approach full of life even a century before the Renaissance. The Lamentation is an excellent example of the emotion displayed in Giottos work. The Lamentation is painted on a wall of the Arena Chapel in Italy. It required the artist to paint directly on the chapel walls, hence, Giotto used a medium that would adhere to a wall, like fresco. The lamentation was another traditional subject that showed figures mourning the death of Christ. Lamentation is asymmetrical compared to Byzantine compositions with symmetry. Giotto concentrates on the dramatic scene in the lower left area where the face of Mary who is grief-stricke n over the loss of her son, and the lifeless face of the dead Christ are painted. The focus is on Mary and Jesus who are surrounded by saints, people, and angels. Both earthly and heavenly mourners show individual illustrations of grief through facial expressions as well as body language. For instance the figure of a saint who bends over with his arms outspread, or the saint on the far right, who stands with his arms at his sides, his hands clasped. The painting is three dimensional in form.This is created using foreshortening in the angels and in the saints arms, which are flung backwards. This is probably why the angels appear to be moving about like birds. The scenery ; a bare, rocky landscape with a dead tree, intensifies the feeling of pain and suffering which dominates the painting. The figures with the sad eyes, the partly opened mouths, the tilted or clasped hands are deeply emotional. Not to forget the m